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The Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus or "Great" Ludovisi sarcophagus is an ancient Roman sarcophagus dating to around 250–260 AD from a tomb near the Porta Tiburtina. It is also known as the Via Tiburtina Sarcophagus, though other sarcophagi have been found there. It is known for its densely populated, anti-classical composition of "writhing and highly emotive"〔Fred S. Kleiner, ''A History of Roman Art'' (Wadsworth, 2007, 2010, enhanced ed.), p. 272.〕 Romans and Goths, and is an example of the battle scenes favored in Roman art during the Crisis of the Third Century.〔Kleiner, ''A History of Roman Art,'' p. 272.〕 Discovered in 1621 and named for its first modern owner, Ludovico Ludovisi, the sarcophagus is now displayed at the Palazzo Altemps in Rome, part of the National Museum of Rome.〔Christopher S. Mackay, ''Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History'' (Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 178.〕 The sarcophagus is a late outlier in a group of about twenty-five late Roman battle sarcophagi, the others all apparently dating to 170-210, made in Rome or in some cases Athens. These derive from Hellenistic monuments from Pergamon in Asia Minor showing Pergamene victories over the Gauls, and were all presumably commissioned for military commanders. The Portonaccio sarcophagus is the best known and most elaborate of the main Antonine group, and shows both considerable similarities to the Great Ludovisi sarcophagus, and a considerable contrast in style and mood.〔Strong, Donald, et al., ''Roman Art'', 1995 (2nd edn.), p. 205, Yale University Press (Penguin/Yale History of Art), ISBN 0300052936〕 ==Description== The sarcophagus measures 1.53m in height and is made from Proconnesian marble, a medium characterized by dark gray stripes and a medium to coarse grain.〔Frances Van Keuren, Donatio Attanasio, John J. Hermann Jr., Norman Herz, and L. Peter Gromet, "Multimethod Analyses of Roman Sarcophagi at the Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome," in ''Life, Death and Representation: Some New Work on Roman Sarcophagi'' (De Gruyter, 2011), p. 181.〕 It is decorated in a very high relief with many elements of the composition cut completely free of the background. Overlapping figures entirely fill the image space, allowing no room to depict a background. In many battle sarcophagi the side panels show more tranquil scenes, but here the battle continues round both sides. The lid of the sarcophagus depicts barbarian children handed over to a Roman general by men presumably their fathers.〔Jeannine Diddle Uzzi, "The Power of Parenthood in Official Roman Art," in ''Constructions of Childhood in Ancient Greece and Italy'' (American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 2007), p. 76.〕 Children were sometimes taken into Roman custody as pledges of peace, and might be reeducated as Romans. The lid, which was broken in 1945 while on display in Mainz, also shows a bust of a female figure. The central figure of the tortuous composition on the front is a young Roman military commander on horseback, presumed to represent the deceased. His face is serene, and his arm is extended confidently in a "gesture which is difficult to interpret but seems to be one of farewell".〔Strong, Donald, et al., ''Roman Art'', 1995 (2nd edn.), p. 257, Yale University Press (Penguin/Yale History of Art), ISBN 0300052936〕 An X-mark on his forehead has been interpreted as the cross received by initiates into the Mithraic mysteries as a sign of the god Mithras' favor. The Mithraic religion was popular among Roman soldiers. The valor ''(virtus)'' shown by the horseman may represent real-life bravery on the battlefield, but the religious connotation of the X may suggest victory over death, a theme of mounted warriors in funerary art. The horseman probably represents the deceased.〔Katherine Welch, "Roman Sculpture," in ''The Oxford History of Western Art'' (Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 51; Linda Maria Gigante, "Funerary art," in ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome'' (Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 250–251.〕 The figure is sometimes identified as the younger son of the emperor Decius, Hostilian, who reigned briefly in the year 251. Decius and his older son, Herennius, whom he had made his co-ruler, were killed in battle against a federation of Scythians under the command of the Gothic king Cniva. They were the first Roman emperors to die in battle at the hands of a foreign enemy. Despite the battle imagery, Hostilian himself died of plague.〔Tony Allan, ''Life, Myth, And Art In Ancient Rome'' (Duncan Baird, 2005), p. 52.〕 The sarcophagus contains many precise depictions of military details such as the ''draco'' military standard and a detailed mail shirt of the longer length characteristic of the period.〔Pat Southern and Karen R. Dixon, ''The Late Roman Army'' (Yale University Press, 1996), pp. 98, 126.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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